Fig 1.
The design process of final geometry for the proposed antenna.
Fig 2.
The geometry of the single element:
(a) cross-section view; (b) the patch radiation element (left) and the partial ground (right). W = 40, cp = 11, wp = 23, lp = 20, ws = 1, wf = 3.3, Lg = 10, dh = 3, ls = 2, lf = 8, ha = 5 (unit: mm).
Fig 3.
|S11| (left) and Realized Gain (right) with and without partial ground.
Fig 4.
|S11| and Realized Gain of the single element.
Fig 5.
The model of the proposed array of 1 x 4:
(a) cross-section view; (b) radiators; (c) partial ground layer. W = 175, L = 70, wp = 29, lp = 27, wc = 13.5, de = 42, l1 = 21.5, l2 = 7.5, wf = 3.5, wt = 5.8, lt = 17, lf = 7 (unit: mm).
Fig 6.
|S11| (left) and Realized Gain (right) with and without the second ground layer.
Fig 7.
The model of AMC surface (a) and the performance-based comparison for using AMC surface and the proposed reflector: |S11| (b) and Realized Gain (c).
wu = 10, du = 14.5 (unit: mm).
Fig 8.
The side-lobe level of the proposed antenna in x-z and y-z planes:
(a) 4.3 GHz, (b) 4.5 GHz.
Fig 9.
The total efficiency of the proposed antenna.
Fig 10.
Variation analysis of the parameters:(a) air gap (ha); (b) the length of partial ground (Lg); (c) the length of transformer (lt).
Fig 11.
The photograph of the proposed antenna:
(a) radiation elements; (b) partial ground; (c) copper laminate; (d) measurement setup.
Fig 12.
The simulated and measured results of the fabricated prototype.
Fig 13.
Radiation pattern in x-z (left) and y-z (right) planes:
(a) 4.3 GHz, (b) 4.5 GHz.
Table 1.
The comparison between this work and recently reported antennas.