Table 1.
Fuel properties of the feedstock.
Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of lab-scale gasification system.
Fig 2.
Temporal profiles of internal reactor temperatures at three vertical positions (T1: upper, T2: middle, T3: lower) under different equivalence ratios (ER = 0.47, 0.54, 0.60, and 0.65).
Stable temperature stratification was observed in (a)–(c), where T1 consistently showed the highest temperature, followed by T2 and T3. In contrast, in (d) at ER = 0.65, T2 and T3 temperatures exceeded T1 over time, indicating a reduction in the feedstock bed height due to excessive consumption.
Fig 3.
Effect of equivalence ratio on gas composition.
Data points at ER 0.67 are shown as reference values since it did not achieve steady state.
Fig 4.
Product and elemental (C, H) distributions among gas (syngas), liquid, and solid (char) fractions at different equivalence ratios.
(a) Product distribution on a mass basis relative to the total dry inputs (dry biomass + dry air) (solid moisture assumed to be zero; tar included in the liquid fraction). (b) Carbon distribution as a fraction of input carbon. (c) Hydrogen distribution as a fraction of input hydrogen.
Fig 5.
Effects of equivalence ratio on (a) lower heating value, (b) cold gas efficiency, and (c) carbon conversion efficiency.