Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, mean or % (SE), for demographic and metabolic characteristics comparing insulin sensitive and insulin resistant groups.
Fig 1.
Sleepiness ratings across meals by group (insulin sensitive vs. insulin resistant).
Reported as mean ±SE, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and meal administration sequence. Meals were administered at: meal 1 (8:00 am), meal 2 (11:30 am), meal 3 (3:00 pm), meal 4 (6:30 pm), meal 5 (10:00 pm).
Table 2.
Food craving ratingsa across meal administrations.
Table 3.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for sweet food.a
Table 4.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for salty food.a
Table 5.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for starchy food.a
Table 6.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for meat.a
Table 7.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for fruit.a
Table 8.
Model assessing the insulin sensitivity moderation of the association of sleepiness with cravings for dairy food.a
Fig 2.
Simple slope analyses of between-person sleepiness ratings for each food craving.
Fig 2 caption: Analyses supported the positive relationship of between-person sleepiness with all food cravings, except salty foods, was strengthened with more diminished insulin sensitivity. Specifically, for starchy foods, meat, fruit, and dairy foods the relationships were strengthened when insulin sensitivity was below-average, and average. For sweets, the association was strengthened when insulin sensitivity was below-average, average and above-average.