Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by hypertension status.
Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression results for hypertension (Model 2).
Fig 1.
Forest plot of multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for hypertension associated with dietary intake and covariates.
The forest plot displays adjusted OR and 95% CI)for the association between sodium and potassium intake, demographic factors, education level, smoking, and alcohol consumption with hypertension. Significant associations (P < 0.05) are highlighted in red. Confidence intervals appear narrow because odds ratios are close to unity and the x-axis is scaled accordingly.
Fig 2.
Sensitivity analysis of adjusted OR (95% CI) for hypertension by sodium and potassium intake across four multivariate models.
Multivariable logistic regression models (Model 1 to Model 4) were used with progressively adjusted covariates. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age and gender; Model 3: additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity, education level, and marital status; Model 4: further adjusted for smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.
Fig 3.
Adjusted OR (95% CI) for hypertension associated with standardized dietary intake variables, including sodium, potassium, fiber, cholesterol, and total energy.
Fig 4.
Restricted cubic spline plot of the association between sodium (A) and potassium (B) intake and hypertension.
Restricted cubic spline models were fitted using the median intake level as the reference value (OR = 1.0). The x-axis represents dietary intake in mg/day.
Fig 5.
A. Subgroup analysis of dietary intake and hypertension stratified by gender.
B. Subgroup analysis of dietary intake and hypertension stratified by age group (<60 vs. ≥ 60). C. Subgroup analysis of dietary intake and hypertension stratified by BMI status. No statistically significant interactions were detected across subgroups (all P for interaction > 0.05).
Fig 6.
Diet-blood pressure relationship by hypertension status.