Table 1.
The percentage of included individuals based on demographic and insurance stratifications in the study.
Table 2.
Percentage of prescriptions including antibiotics and glucose-lowering drugs based on different quartiles of antibiotics use.
Table 3.
Percentage of glucose-lowering and antibiotic drug class prescriptions within each antibiotic group.
Fig 1.
Percentage of dominant diabetes treatment regimen within each antibiotic group.
A10A: Insulins and Analogues, A10BA: Biguanides, A10BB: Sulfonylureas, A10BD: Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs, A10BF: Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, A10BG: Thiazolidinediones, A10BJ: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, A10BX: Other blood glucose lowering drugs, excluding insulins.
Fig 2.
Seasonal antibiotic drug class prescription frequency by antibiotic group.
J01A: Tetracyclines, J01B: Amphenicols, J01C: Beta-Lactam Antibacterials, Penicillins, J01D: Other Beta-Lactam Antibacterials, J01E: Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim, J01F: Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramins, J01G: Aminoglycoside Antibacterials, J01M: Quinolone Antibacterials, J01X: Other Antibacterials.
Table 4.
Mean annual costs (% share by category and out-of-pocket).
Table 5.
Median annual costs by category and subgroup.
Fig 3.
Adjusted mean ratios (95% CI) from Gamma GLM for total costs.
Reference values of variables are: 18−39 for age group, No antibiotic for antibiotic group, A10BA for dominant diabetes treatment regimen, rural for fund, female for sex, and Tehran for province. A10A: Insulins and Analogues, A10BA: Biguanides, A10BB: Sulfonylureas, A10BD: Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs, A10BF: Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, A10BG: Thiazolidinediones, A10BJ: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, A10BX: Other blood glucose lowering drugs, excluding insulins.