Fig 1.
Note: The imagery in this map is sourced from the OpenStreetMap Open-source mapping platform (https://openstreetmap.org). This map bears a resemblance to the original imagery but is not identical.
Fig 2.
Note: The imagery in this map is sourced from the OpenStreetMap Open-source mapping platform (https://openstreetmap.org). This map bears a resemblance to the original imagery but is not identical.
Fig 3.
Note: This illustration is drawn by the author.
Fig 4.
Flowchart of human perception.
Note: The imagery in this map is sourced from the OpenStreetMap Open-source mapping platform (https://openstreetmap.org). This map bears a resemblance to the original but is not identical.
Table 1.
VGG16 training precision.
Table 2.
Table of urban built environment indicators.
Fig 5.
Bivariate Moran’I clustering plot.
Note: The imagery in this map is sourced from the OpenStreetMap Open-source mapping platform (https://openstreetmap.org). This map bears a resemblance to the original but is not identical.
Table 3.
Variable multiple covariance test.
Table 4.
Random forest model performance metrics.
Fig 6.
Importance of urban built environment variables a) daytime and b) nighttime.
Fig 7.
Results of VPA interpretation of the impact of different dimensions of built environment elements on urban vitality a) daytime and b) nighttime.
Table 5.
Diagnostic information for spatial lag regression models.
Table 6.
Spatial lag regression coefficients of built environment factors during day and night time.
Fig 8.
Mechanism for enhancing the vitality of built environment elements.