Fig 1.
Flowchart of patient selection and data collection for the point prevalence survey.
The chart details the inclusion and exclusion of patients in the antimicrobial use survey conducted at Dow University Hospital. The final distribution of the 186 included patients across ward specialties is shown. Data were collected by a trained infectious disease physician and pharmacist using WHO PPS methodology v1.1 and standardized case report forms (available in S1, S2, S3, and S4 Appendices).
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical details of patients at admission.
Table 2.
Antimicrobial use and indication.
Fig 2.
Distribution of antimicrobial use across inpatient ward specialties.
The graph compares the proportion of cases with antimicrobial treatment (Yes) to those without (No) in various adult, pediatric, mixed, and intensive care wards. Numerical values indicate the percentage for each category.
Table 3.
Spectrum of antimicrobials prescribed and WHO AWaRe classification.
Table 4.
Distribution of antimicrobial agents by ATC classification.
Fig 3.
Distribution of WHO AWaRe categories across hospital ward specialties.
Bars represent the percentage of total antimicrobial prescriptions categorized as Access (first-line, narrow-spectrum), Watch (higher-risk, broader-spectrum), or Reserve (last-resort) antibiotics in each ward. Percentages may not sum to 100% per ward if some prescriptions were unclassified. Data are from a point-prevalence survey.
Fig 4.
WHO AWaRe classification of Antimicrobials.
The chart shows the percentage and absolute number (n) of prescribed antibiotics categorized as Access (first-line, narrow-spectrum), Watch (higher-risk, broader-spectrum), or Reserve (last-resort) from a total of 219 prescriptions. Overall distribution of antibiotic prescriptions according to WHO AWaRe classification: Access 17.3% (95% CI: 12.6–23.2%), Watch 80.8% (95% CI: 75.2–85.6%), Reserve 1.8% (95% CI: 0.7–4.6%).
Table 5.
WHO-PPS summary of key antibiotic use indicators.
Table 6.
Distribution of microbiological specimens.
Table 7.
Microorganisms isolated from positive cultures.
Table 8.
Antimicrobial stewardship opportunities and reasons (n = 222).
Table 9.
Summary of key irrational prescribing practices identified and proposed stewardship intervention.