Fig 1.
Comparative overview of Nipah virus impact across countries in Asia (1998-2024).
Fig 2.
Nipah virus cases, deaths, and fatality rates in Bangladesh and India (2001-2024).
Fig 3.
Flow diagram of the SEAIHR model for Nipah virus transmission.
Table 1.
Description of the parameters of the model (1).
Fig 4.
Model fitting and residual analysis for the Nipah virus outbreak with (a) Comparison between reported cases and model-predicted cases; (b) Corresponding residuals.
Fig 5.
Model fitting and residual analysis for the Nipah virus outbreak with (a) Comparison between reported cases and model-predicted cases; (b) Corresponding residuals.
Table 2.
Sensitivity indices for each parameter.
Fig 6.
Bar chart displaying the sensitivity indices for various parameters.
Fig 7.
Solution trajectories of the model (1), (a) All compartments over time; (b) Impact of varying on Asymptotic individuals; (c) Impact of varying
on Infected individuals; (d) Impact of varying ρ on Exposed individuals.
Fig 8.
Pairwise relationships among Exposed, Asymptomatic, and Infected individuals over time.
The color gradient represents the progression of Time (Day). Diagonal plots illustrate variable trends over time using bar plots, while off-diagonal plots depict bi-variate relationships colored by time.
Fig 9.
Pairwise relationships among Infected, Hospitalized, and Recovered individuals over time.
The color gradient represents the progression of Time (Day). Diagonal plots illustrate variable trends over time using bar plots, while off-diagonal plots depict bi-variate relationships colored by time.
Fig 10.
FIA and FES outcomes across varying basic reproduction numbers for the model (8.1), under moderate-intensity control ( = 0.3).
Fig 11.
FIA and FES outcomes across varying basic reproduction numbers for the model (8.1), under high-intensity control ( = 0.9).