Table 1.
Summary of key literature on mechanical smoke control in tunnel fires.
Fig 1.
Flowchart of the research framework.
Fig 2.
Schematic diagram of model road tunnel and measurement of CO2 mass flow rate in simulations.
(a) model of road tunnel; (b) Zoning configuration of the tunnel; (c) Schematic of CO2 mass flow rate measurement.
Fig 3.
Temperature-time profiles from the mesh sensitivity analysis.
Fig 4.
Model validation against experimental temperature data.
Table 2.
Parametric study cases for smoke screen configuration.
Fig 5.
Smoke extraction efficiency under varying smoke screen heights and vent-screen distances.
Fig 6.
Horizontal velocity distribution near exhaust vent with varying smoke screen heights: (a) h = 0m; (b) h = 0.5m; (c) h = 1.0m; (d) h = 1.5m; (e) h = 2.0m.
Fig 7.
Smoke temperature distribution in central surface with varying smoke screen heights: (a) h = 0m; (b) h = 0.5m; (c) h = 1.0m; (d) h = 1.5m; (e) h = 2.0m.
Table 3.
Parametric study cases for zoning configuration.
Fig 8.
Carbon monoxide concentration and hazard zone length ranges under different zone numbers: (a) CO concentration at safety height.
(b) Range of severe fire hazard zones. (c) Moderate fire hazard zones.
Table 4.
Comparison of the Benefit Index (Bi) for different zoning configurations.
Fig 9.
Smoke temperature distribution in central surface with varying numbers of modular zones: (a) 3 zones; (b) 5 zones; (c) 7 zones; (d) 9 zones.
Table 5.
Parametric study on airflow distribution.
Fig 10.
CO concentration over time at safety height for different scenarios.
Fig 11.
CO concentration distribution across the entire tunnel at safety height under different scenario.
Fig 12.
Temperature distributions on the central longitudinal plane under varying vent and airflow ratios: (a) Vent III at 30%; (b) Vent III at 45%; (c) Vent IV at 5%; (d) Vent IV at 20%.
Fig 13.
Temperature distributions on the horizontal plane at Z = 5.5 m: (a) Vent III at 30%; (b) Vent III at 45%; (c) Vent IV at 5%; (d) Vent IV at 20%.