Fig 1.
Blockchain and FL enabled proposed framework.
Table 1.
List of acronyms.
Table 2.
List of scientific notations.
Table 3.
Critical summary of research areas and identified gaps aligned with the proposed BeFL framework.
Fig 2.
Blockchain enabled FL framework for security and privacy preservation.
Fig 3.
Layer 1: Data pre-processing and aggregation.
Fig 4.
Layer 2: Encryption and blockchain integration.
Fig 5.
Layer 3: Federated learning with differential privacy strategy.
Fig 6.
Workflow diagram of proposed BeFL framework.
Fig 7.
Heatmap of PRECON (single household).
Fig 8.
Aggregated dataset with client ID and house number.
Fig 9.
Average execution time by blockchain layers.
Fig 10.
Average gas usage by blockchain layers.
Fig 11.
Comparison of gas usage and latency of blockchain layers.
Fig 12.
Comparison of latency and duration distributions across blockchain layers.
Table 4.
Blockchain layers evaluation metrics comparison.
Fig 13.
Comparison of ML models using different evaluation metrics.
Fig 14.
Comparison of ML models using different evaluation metrics.
Table 5.
Comparison of model performance for next-hour energy load forecasting.
Table 6.
Comparative analysis of key security and privacy features across related works and the proposed framework.