Table 1.
Study group characteristics at baseline.
Table 2.
Administration and likely impact of rescue medication.
Fig 1.
Effect of PPS treatment on dog pain following owner-completed Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI) assessment.
Spaghetti plots for Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI) scores for individual animals in (A) PPS-treated group at baseline, week 8 and week 26 and (B) placebo group at baseline, week 8 and week 26. The mean HCPI value is represented as a dotted line; (C) Histogram with percentage change from baseline (%CfB) at week 6 versus 8 (p = 0.42) and week 8 versus 26 (*p = 0.006); (D) HCPI (least squares [LS] mean %CfB). Data are displayed as mean ± 95% CI and analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. LS Mean %CfB data are displayed as mean ± 95% CI. The n for each group and timepoint corresponds to available HCPI questionnaire responses.
Fig 2.
Effect of PPS treatment on index stifle osteoarthritic gait and symmetry.
Total pressure index (TPI%) and symmetry index (SI) analysis. PPS is represented by filled circles and placebo by open triangles. (A) Index hindlimb TPI% for PPS and placebo groups. (B) Percentage change from baseline (%CfB) analysis of TPI%. A 5% or greater increase in the %CfB value was considered to be a clinically meaningful improvement. (C) Ipsilateral SI values from week 1 to week 26. (D) Contralateral SI values from week 1 to 26. Data are represented as mean ± 95% CI. The n for each group and timepoint corresponds to valid gait assessments.
Fig 3.
Quantitative MRI analysis of cartilage volume (mm3) in the canine stifle joint.
Percentage change from baseline (%CfB) in cartilage volume at week 8 and week 26 for: (A) Total cartilage volume; (B) Patella; (C) Tibial plateau; (D) Femoral condyle. Data is displayed as mean ± 95% CI and analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons. The n for each group and timepoint corresponds to valid MRI measurements.
Fig 4.
Serum biomarker ELISA analysis.
Analysis of serum biomarkers of cartilage and bone degradation, as well as inflammation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data are shown as mean percentage change from baseline (%CfB) at week 8 and week 26 and are represented as mean ± 95% CI (A) C-terminal telopeptide I [CTX-I]; (B) hyaluronic acid [HA]; (C) tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 [TIMP-1]; (D) fragment of type III collagen released by MMP [C3M]; (E) type II collagen cleavage product [C2C]; (F) released N-terminal pro-peptide of type II collagen [Pro-C2]. Outlier analysis was performed on all %CfB data. Data analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post-test and multiple comparisons comparing PPS and placebo at all timepoints. The n for each group and timepoint corresponds to valid biomarker measurements.