Table 1.
Genomic characteristics of Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolated from poultry environments in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Fig 1.
Circular genome visualization of Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolates.
(A) Whole-genome comparison of five poultry-derived isolates (SKBD1–SKBD5) against a reference genome (PU131). (B) Annotated genome of representative isolate SKBD1 showing CDS, AMR genes, SPIs, prophages, and key virulence determinants.
Fig 2.
Genetic environments of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and pathogenicity islands (SPIs) in S. Kentucky ST198 isolates.
(A) Genomic region showing co-localization of multiple AMR genes; (B–E) Genomic organization of major Salmonella pathogenicity islands: SPI-1 (B), SPI-2 (C), SPI-3 (D), and SPI-4 (E).
Fig 3.
Presence–absence matrix of virulence genes across 20 S. Kentucky ST198 genomes from Bangladesh.
Fig 4.
Distribution of mobile genetic elements among S. Kentucky ST198 isolates from Bangladesh.
Fig 5.
SNP distance matrix of 20 S. Kentucky ST198 isolates from Bangladesh.
Fig 6.
Core genome SNP-based phylogeny of S. Kentucky ST198 isolates from Bangladesh.
Fig 7.
Pan-genome analysis of 20 Salmonella Kentucky ST198 genomes from Bangladesh.
(A) Core and pan-genome rarefaction curve (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) based on gene presence–absence matrix.
Fig 8.
Core genome SNP-based maximum likelihood phylogeny of S. Kentucky ST198 isolates from diverse global sources.
(The inner ring indicates the continent of origin, while the outer ring shows the source of each isolate.).