Table 1.
Classifications of situational variables and statistical methods.
Fig 1.
Comparison of foul calls between non-home-and-away and home-and-away systems.
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for home teams (yellow) and away teams (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 2.
Comparison of foul calls between home and away teams in the home-and-away system.
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for home teams (yellow) and away teams (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 3.
Comparison of foul calls between regular season and playoffs.
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for regular season (yellow) and playoffs games (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Table 2.
Levels of games by quality difference.
Fig 4.
Comparison of foul calls under different team quality difference.
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for stronger teams (yellow) and weaker teams (blue) across the game and quarters, categorized by game quality differences (large and small). In evenly matched games, colors indicate home (yellow) and away (blue) teams. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 5.
Comparison of foul calls between Leading and Trailing Teams.
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for leading teams (yellow) and trailing teams (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 6.
Trend of Changes in Foul Call Proportion Differences under Score Differential.
Line plots show foul calls proportion differentials (y-axis) across score differentials (x-axis) for the entire game (blue) and for each quarter: Q1 (green), Q2 (black), Q3 (red), and Q4 (yellow).
Fig 7.
Comparison of foul calls between teams with more and fewer fouls (game).
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for teams categorized as called more fouls (yellow) or fewer fouls (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 8.
Trend of Changes in Foul Call Proportion Differences under Foul Differential (game).
Line plots show foul calls proportion differentials (y-axis) across foul differentials within the foul differential in game (x-axis) for the entire game (blue) and for each quarter: Q1 (green), Q2 (black), Q3 (red), and Q4 (yellow).
Fig 9.
Comparison of foul calls between teams with more and fewer fouls (Quarter).
Bars show mean foul calls (± SD) for teams categorized as called more fouls (yellow) or fewer fouls (blue) across the game and quarters. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 10.
Trend of Changes in Foul Call Proportion Differences under Foul Differential (Quarter).
Line plots show foul calls proportion differentials (y-axis) across foul differentials within the foul differential in quarters (x-axis) for the entire game (blue) and for each quarter: Q1 (green), Q2 (black), Q3 (red), and Q4 (yellow).
Fig 11.
Regression Results of Situational Variables on Foul Calls (Home vs. Away Teams).
Forest plot shows odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of foul calls in home vs. away teams. Squares represent OR estimates and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. *p < 0.05.
Fig 12.
Regression Results of Situational Variables on Foul Call (Leading vs. Trailing Teams).
Forest plot shows odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of foul calls in leading vs. trailing Teams. Squares represent OR estimates and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. *p < 0.05.
Fig 13.
Regression Results of Situational Variables on Foul Call (More vs. Fewer Fouls in Game-Level).
Forest plot shows odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of foul calls in teams with more versus fewer fouls in a game. Squares represent OR estimates and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. *p < 0.05.
Fig 14.
Regression Results of Situational Variables on Foul Call (More vs. Fewer Fouls in Quarter-level).
Forest plot shows odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of foul calls in teams with more versus fewer fouls in quarters. Squares represent OR estimates and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. *p < 0.05.