Fig 1.
Conceptual framework examining pathways from maternal exposure to violence to the use of physical disciplinary practices.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of the target sample selecting scenarios.
Table 1.
Dimensions, indicators, and weights of physical disciplinary practices towards children.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of selected background characteristics by physical disciplinary practice along with p-value.
Table 3.
Results of outcome and mediator models (I, II and III) displaying odds ratio (OR), p-values and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Table 4.
Direct, indirect and total associations of maternal exposure to violence on physical disciplinary practices obtained from structural equation modelling.