Table 1.
Genetic diversity indices of wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
Fig 1.
Median-joining network of mtDNA COI haplotypes in wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
Each circle represents a haplotype, with its size proportional to haplotype frequency. Colors indicate the country of origin, and the black lines on the branches denote the number of mutational changes between haplotypes.
Fig 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogeographic tree based on COI haplotypes of wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
Labeo fimbriatus was used as the outgroup. Country labels are as follows: Ban = Bangladesh, Ind = India, and Pak = Pakistan.
Table 2.
AMOVA results for seven river basin populations of wild Catla catla across South Asia.
Table 3.
Mantel Test results for wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
Fig 3.
Pairwise genetic distance (FST) among Wild Catla catla populations across seven South Asian river basins.
Values below the diagonal represent FST estimates, and values above the diagonal correspond to P-values. Significant differentiation (P ≤ 0.05) is indicated by the “+” symbol.
Fig 4.
Mantel scatter plot for wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
The slope of the red regression line represents the overall trend of genetic divergence in relation to geographic distance.
Table 4.
Neutrality test and mismatch distribution parameters for wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
Fig 5.
Mismatch distribution plot of wild Catla catla populations across South Asia.
The X-axis represents pairwise nucleotide differences, and the Y-axis represents their frequency. The red line shows observed values, while the green line shows expected values under the sudden expansion model.