Fig 1.
Flowchart of study design and sample collection.
Table 1.
Detailing of questionnaire’s validated instruments subscales, internal reliability, items numbers, and scoring interpretation.
Fig 2.
Conceptual causal diagram of hypothesized relationships.
This diagram illustrates the assumed causal pathways from demographic and organizational exposure confounders to main exposures (social skills, learning environment satisfaction, and workload satisfaction) and mental health outcomes (emotional distress, anxiety, and depression). Arrows represent hypothesized direct causal effects. Specific variables within each conceptual grouping are detailed.
Table 2.
Results from univariable mixed-effect linear regression models for emotional distress, anxiety, and depression in veterinary and multidisciplinary residents. Statistically significant results and trends are bolded.
Table 3.
Descriptive analysis of veterinary, medical, and multidisciplinary residents.
Fig 3.
A) Scores of mental health issues by type of residency program and B) Total scores of social skills by type of residency program.
Fig 4.
Total scores of social skills subscales by the type of residency program.
Table 4.
Results from final multivariable mixed-effect linear regression model for emotional distress, anxiety and depression in veterinary and multidisciplinary residents.