Fig 1.
Study flow chart.
Table 1.
Demographic and baseline traits grouped by frailty scores.
Fig 2.
Kaplan–Meier survival curves depicting death from all causes (A), cardiovascular illnesses (B), and cancer (C) stratified by tertiles of frailty scores.
Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of the link between the frailty score and mortality.
Fig 3.
Link of frailty scores with death from all causes (A), CVD (B), and cancer (C) in the dose–response analysis.
The restricted cubic spline analysis has been modified for race, sex, age, BMI, marital status, PIR, educational attainment, smoking habits, duration of physical activity, and alcohol consumption, along with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, CRP, ACR, and eGFR. CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; ACR, urinary albumin: creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Fig 4.
Subgroup analyses results show the link of the frailty index with death from all causes.
In the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, HR and 95% CI values were calculated. The model was adjusted for age, PIR, marital status, sex, BMI, race, smoking habits, educational level, alcohol drinking, time spent in physical activity, CRP, ACR, eGFR, and comorbidities (including hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension). CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; ACR, urinary albumin: creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Table 3.
Results of the sensitivity analysis.