Fig 1.
Raw materials used for waste plastic oil production.
Fig 2.
Pyrolysis system showing the overall process flow schematic alongside the actual laboratory experimental setup.
Fig 3.
Pyrolysis reactor [23].
Fig 4.
Pyrolysis components [18].
Fig 5.
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil purification processes.
Table 1.
Table 2.
The properties of waste plastic oil with diethyl ether blends [1].
Table 3.
Engine specifications [2].
Fig 6.
Schematic representation of the experimental test setup, illustrating the engine coupled with the dynamometer and associated measurement systems.
Table 4.
Technical specifications Kane Exhaust Gas Analyzer.
Fig 7.
The photograph of the emission analyzer (Kane Auto Plus) used in the study.
Fig 8.
p-θ for diverse blend ratios.
Fig 9.
Variation of heat release rate for different blends.
Fig 10.
p-V diagram for diverse blends.
Fig 11.
Fuel consumption rate with different engine loads.
Fig 12.
Indicated mean effective pressure with different engine loads.
Fig 13.
Brake mean effective pressure throughout load.
Fig 14.
Brake thermal efficiency vs. engine load.
Fig 15.
Brake specific fuel consumption vs. load.
Fig 16.
Variation of CO emissions with varying load.
Fig 17.
Variation of CO2 emissions with varying load.
Fig 18.
Variation of HC emissions with varying load.
Fig 19.
Variation of NOx emissions with varying load.
Fig 20.
The predicted and experimental values.
Table 5.
ANN model performance metrics (simulated Prediction).
Fig 21.
ANN model residual.
Table 6.
One-way ANOVA results for engine performance and emissions.
Table 7.
Two-way anova results for performance and emissions.
Table 8.
Percentage of uncertainty.
Table 9.
Relative Importance of ANN Inputs (Garson’s Algorithm).