Fig 1.
Bland–Altman analysis of two assessments.
Table 1.
Analysis of different generative artificial intelligence tools using Kendall’s W.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of gai-generated quality scores for Chinese empirical educational research papers (2004–2023).
Table 3.
Frequency distribution of scores across 31 quality indicators (N = 2,145).
Table 4.
Objectively derived weights for the 31 quality indicators using the CRITIC method.
Fig 2.
Annual evaluation results of empirical educational research journal articles in China from 2004 to 2023.
Fig 3.
Development trends of empirical educational research in China from 2004 to 2023.