Fig 1.
Location map of Kashgar.
Fig 2.
Research Methodology Process.
Table 1.
Parameters for different Landsat sensors.
Table 2.
Surface temperature class.
Table 3.
Geographic detectors interaction types and judgment criteria.
Table 4.
Area and intensity of urban expansion in the study area, 2010–2024.
Fig 3.
Spatial Distribution of Urban Building Land Expansion Types, 2010-2024.
Table 5.
Area class and percentage of surface temperature from 2010 to 2024.
Table 6.
Surface temperature class area/km² by administrative region from 2010 to 2024.
Fig 4.
Long-series surface temperature inversion for the study area, 2010-2024.
Fig 5.
Map of spatial pattern of thermal environment in the study area, 2010 and 2024.
Table 7.
Urban thermal environment influencing factors.
Fig 6.
Analysis of correlation between urban expansion and thermal environment.
Table 8.
Results of LST Impact Factor Testing.
Fig 7.
Interaction detection results for each influencing factors.
Note: * denotes nonlinear enhancement, unlabeled denotes two-factor enhancement.