Table 1.
List of primer with oligonucleotide sequence, amplicon size with reference (temp: temperature; s: seconds; m: minutes; bp: base pair).
Fig 1.
PCR detection of Klebsiella spp., targeting gyrA gene and K. pneumoniae, targeting rpoB gene.
(a) Klebsiella spp. consistent band pattern at 441 bp indicating positive isolates; (b) K. pneumoniae, consistent amplicon of 108 bp indicated positive isolates. In both cases, M: 100 bp molecular marker; NC: negative control; PC: positive control.
Fig 2.
Antibiotic susceptibility percentage of the K. pneumoniae isolates from fuchka samples.
AMX: Amoxicillin; AMC: Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid; AZM: Azithromycin; AK: Amikacin; CN: Gentamicin; CAZ: Ceftazidime; CXM: Cefuroxime; CPD: Cefpodoxime; CTR: Ceftriaxone; FEP: Cefepime; NA: Nalidixic acid; NOR: Norfloxacin; IMP: Imipenem; MEM: Meropenem.
Fig 3.
Hierarchical clustering heatmap of antimicrobial resistance genes and phenotypic resistance patterns in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
AMX: Amoxicillin; AMC: Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid; AZM: Azithromycin; AK: Amikacin; CN: Gentamicin; CAZ: Ceftazidime; CXM: Cefuroxime; CPD: Cefpodoxime; CTR: Ceftriaxone; FEP: Cefepime; NA: Nalidixic acid; NOR: Norfloxacin; IMP: Imipenem; MEM: Meropenem.
Table 2.
MAR and MDR pattern analysis of the K. pneumoniae isolates.
Fig 4.
PCR detection of ESBL-producing genes in K. pneumoniae isolates.
(a) blaTEM gene, 516 bp; (b) blaSHV gene, 392 bp; (c) blaOXA-1 gene, 619 bp; (d) blaCTX-M1 gene, 500 bp; and (e) blaCTX-M3, 300 bp. In all cases, M: 100 bp molecular marker; NC: negative control; PC: positive control.
Fig 5.
Occurrence (%) of ESBL genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from fuchka.
Differences in gene frequencies were significant (Cochran’s Q test, p < 0.001).
Table 3.
Co-existence of ESBL and carbapenemase producing multiple resistant genes in K. pneumoniae isolates detected from fuchka samples.
Table 4.
Association of ESBL- and carbapenemase-encoding genes with different sample sources based on the chi-square (χ²) test.
Fig 6.
PCR-based detection of carbapenemase producing genes in K. pneumoniae isolates.
(a) blaIMP gene, 232 bp and blaSPM gene, 271 bp; (b) blaOXA-48 gene, 438 bp; (c) blaNDM gene, 621 bp; (d) blaKPC gene, 798 bp; and (e) blaBIC gene, 537 bp. In all cases, M: 100 bp molecular marker; NC: negative control.
Fig 7.
Occurrence percentage of carbapenemase producing gene.
Differences in gene frequencies were significant (Cochran’s Q test, p < 0.001).
Fig 8.
PCR detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (other than ESBL and Carbapenem resistance genes) in K. pneumoniae isolates, where the consistent and clear bands at desired position indicated positive results.
(a) aac3(IV) gene, amplicon size 286 bp; (b) qnrB gene, amplicon size 264 bp; (c) qnrS gene, amplicon size 428 bp; (d) sul2 gene, amplicon size 293 bp. In all cases, M: 100 bp molecular marker; NC: negative control.
Fig 9.
Heatmap of chi-square analysis between ESBL-producing genes and antibiotic resistance phenotypes.
Note: “Blue” color express significant relationship (p < 0.05).
Table 5.
Association between carbapenemase encoding genes with antibiotic resistance phenotypes.