Table 1.
Comparison of the Biodiesel blends with Metal oxide particles on the performance parameters of CI engine.
Table 2.
Comparison of the RSM approach for the optimized studies.
Fig 1.
Schematic of Production of the Biodiesel Methanol was added with the molar ratio of six to one.
The 47grams of the NaOH dosage was used for every 5 kg of the WCO which is in accordance with ASTM D6751. It was continuously stirred at the speed of 250 RPM for an hour at a designated temperature range. Finally, the products of the reaction were separated by means of measuring flask and the final product was then heated up with temperature of 100°C for the purification and the obtained biodiesel was tested according to ASTM standards. The recorded properties are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Characteristics of the Biodiesel utilized for experimentation.
Table 4.
Test Bed engine Specifications.
Fig 2.
Experimental Setup Schematic.
Table 5.
Selected L18 special array experimentation design.
Fig 3.
Flow chart for the Experimentation and Optimization. This study focuses on the energetic performance of MgO – doped biodiesel – diesel blends, using BTE and BSFC as primary variables.
These two-performance metrics were selected for initial optimized screening because they directly quantify the nest useful energy output and fuel economy, enabling efficient identification of promising fuel/additive combinations.
Table 6.
Uncertainty of the experiment.
Table 7.
MgO selection.
Fig 4.
FTIR Analysis of the Biodiesel.
GC analysis of the biodiesel was performed using FID detector. This technique was utilized in literature to find the major components in the biodiesel [63]. The analysis showed that major components including methyl palmitate, menthol oleate and methyl linoleate, which are commonly found in biodiesel derived from the vegetable oils. The results affirm the successful conversion of the triglycerides to biodiesel. These findings align with the studies performed by Singh et. al. [64] suggesting a standard Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition across different biodiesel types. The Table 8 provides the results of the GC analysis.
Table 8.
GC – FID of the biodiesel.
Table 9.
BTE and BSFC values for the experimental combination.
Fig 5.
Repeatability analysis in the BTE.
Fig 6.
Repeatability analysis in the BSFC.
Table 10.
The R-Squared and Adjusted R-Squared values for GLM, LR and SFR.
Fig 7.
Main effects Plots of the BTE with (a) Biodiesel percentage (b) Speed (c) Load percentage (d) MgO Content.
Table 11.
Optimal value selection for BTE.
Table 12.
Optimal value selection for BSFC.
Fig 8.
Main effects Plots of the BSFC with (a) Biodiesel percentage (b) Speed (c) Load percentage (d) MgO Content.
Table 13.
Three-level full factorial design for RSM for heavy duty Industry.
Table 14.
Full factorial design for RSM for Automotive Industry.
Fig 9.
Contour Plots for the (a) BTE (b) BSFC using RSM for Heavy Duty Industry.
Table 15.
Selected Case settings for the optimal Engine performance for Heavy Duty industry.
Fig 10.
Contour Plots for the (a) BTE (b) BSFC using RSM for Automotive Industry.
Table 16.
Selected cases for automotive industry.