Table 1.
The study road safety and socio-economic indicators, UAE data 1980–2024.
Table 2.
Summary statistics of log-transformed variables (1980–2024).
Fig 1.
Log transformed road crash severity index, population density (people per square kilometers), and growth domestic product (GDP) per capita, total road traffic fines, and unemployment rate, UAE data 1980–2024.
Table 3.
Results of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests.
Table 4.
ARDL bounds tests.
Table 5.
ARDL long and short-term estimated coefficients.
Fig 2.
Cumulative total (cusum) test of recursive residuals.
Dashed lines show critical bounds at the 5% significance level.
Fig 3.
Cumulative total of squares (cusumsq) test of recursive residuals.
Dashed lines show critical bounds at the 5% significance level.
Fig 4.
Recursive estimates of model coefficients.