Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics.
Fig 1.
Flow chart of the study.
Table 2.
Patient’s reported outcome measures.
Table 3.
Results of autonomic testing.
Fig 2.
The head-up tilt profile showing hemodynamic variables at supine baseline and at every minute of head-up tilt, expressed as mean±sd.
A: heart rate; B: mean blood pressure; C: mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (CBFv); D: end-tidal CO2. *Denotes overall p value calculated by ANOVA.
Table 4.
Frequency of abnormal findings.
Fig 3.
(A) Absolute scores, mean±sd. (B) Normalized scores in percent, mean±sd.int. (C) Percentage of patients in which the QASAT score was abnormal (> 0). CBFv = cerebral blood flow velocity, ET-CO2 = end-tidal CO2, AF = autonomic failure; OT = orthostatic tachycardia (orthostatic heart rate increment ≥ 30 BPM); Sudo = sudomotor; OH = orthostatic hypotension; SFN = small fiber neuropathy; ENFD = epidermal nerve fiber density, SGNFD = sweat gland nerve fiber density, SFN-any-b = small fiber neuropathy detected on skin biopsy defined as abnormal ENFD or SGNFD, SFN-any-b + s = small fiber neuropathy detected on skin biopsy or sudomotor testing.
Table 5.
Invasive Cardiopulmonary exercise test results.
Table 6.
Results summary showing differences Long COVID vs. ME/CFS.