Fig 1.
Schematic overview of experimental trials.
Table 1.
Mean ± SD dietary intake for participants (n = 11) the day prior to each trial.
Table 2.
Mean ± SD participant body mass and urinary measures of hydration status at baseline for each trial (n = 11).
Fig 2.
Mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) for A) Body mass, B) Accumulated urine volume, and C) Fluid retention at each time point following either a glycerol (G), sodium bicarbonate (SB), combined glycerol and sodium bicarbonate (G + SB) or fluid only (CON) treatment (n = 11).
* p < 0.0008, significant difference between G + SB and CON. & p < 0.0008, significant difference between SB and CON. † p < 0.0008, significant difference between G and CON.
Fig 3.
Mean and 95% CI for A) Urine specific gravity, B) Urine colour, and C) Plasma volume change at each time point following either a glycerol (G), sodium bicarbonate (SB), combined glycerol and sodium bicarbonate (G + SB) or fluid only (CON) treatment (n = 11).
* p < 0.0008, significant difference between G + SB and CON. & p < 0.0008, significant difference between SB and CON. † p < 0.0008, significant difference between G and CON.
Fig 4.
Mean and 95% CI for A) blood pH, and B) blood bicarbonate concentration at each time point following either a glycerol (G), sodium bicarbonate (SB), combined glycerol and sodium bicarbonate (G + SB) or fluid only (CON) treatment (n = 11).
& p < 0.0021, significant difference between SB and CON. # p < 0.0021, significant difference between G + SB and G. + p < 0.0021, significant difference between SB and G.
Table 3.
Incidence and severity of upper, lower, other and total gastrointestinal symptoms, following G, SB, G + SB and CON.