Fig 1.
Experimental design of piglets fed colostrum (COL) at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, ad libitum intake of COL by stay-on-sow (SOS), or no feeding and immediately euthanized (ZH).
At birth, piglets were not allowed to suckle, were immediately weighed, and allocated to treatments. Piglets on the COL20, COL10, MR20, and MR10 were fed every 2 hours from the first 24 h postnatal and piglets on the SOS were immediately returned to the sow for unlimited suckling. All piglets that received dietary treatments were euthanized at 24 h postnatal, blood was collected, and analyzed for glucose, protein, immunocrit, lipids, and small metabolites.
Table 1.
Nutrient composition of pooled colostrum collected from a commercial swine farm and commercial swine milk replacer fed to piglets every 2 hours for 24 hours at either 20% or 10% of their birth body weight.
Table 2.
Body weight at birth and 24 h, change in body weight at 24 h, rectal temperature at 24 h, and serum immunocrit, protein, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetate responses to colostrum (COL) fed at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, piglets stayed on the sow and received ad libitum COL (SOS), and piglets did not receive food and were immediately euthanized after birth (zero hour; ZH). Two separate statistical models were used to evaluate the response variables to the effect of treatment, effect of diet (COL20, COL10 vs MR20, MR10), effect of dose of diet (COL20, MR20 vs COL10, MR10) or the interaction of diet and dose.
Fig 2.
Impact of colostrum (COL) fed at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, ad libitum intake of COL by stay-on-sow (SOS), or no feeding and immediately euthanized [zero hour (ZH)] on A) body weight change over 24 h and B) rectal temperature at 24 h.
Separation of means was generated by Tukey’s honest significant difference, and bars without a common letter differ (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 3.
Impact of colostrum (COL) fed at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, ad libitum intake of COL by stay-on-sow (SOS), or no feeding and immediately euthanized (ZH) on circulating levels of A) methionine, B) lysine, C) glutamate, D) glutamine, E) leucine, and F) serine.
Separation of means was generated by Tukey’s honest significant difference. Bars without a common letter differ (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 3.
Impact of colostrum (COL) fed at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, ad libitum intake of COL by stay-on-sow (SOS), or no feeding and immediately euthanized (zero hour; ZH) on concentration of circulating triacylglycerols (TG), cholesteryl esters (CE), diacylglycerols (DG), phospholipids (PL; sum of Cer, PC, PE, PI, PS, PG, SM) and TG + CE/PL + Cer ratio. Two models were used to evaluate the response variables to the effect of treatment, or the effect of diet (COL vs MR), effect of dose of food (20% vs 10%), or the interaction of diet and dose.
Fig 4.
A) Heatmap with dendrogram and hierarchical clustering and B) principal component analysis 2D scores plot of circulating lipids from piglets fed colostrum (COL) at 20% (COL20) or 10% (COL10) of birth body weight, milk replacer (MR) fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% (MR10) of birth body weight, ad libitum intake of COL by stay-on-sow (SOS), or no feeding and immediately euthanized (ZH).
Fig 5.
Impact of adequate colostrum (COL) intake (SOS + COL20) relative to zero hour (ZH) piglets on profile of circulating triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipid + ceramides (PL + Cer) total carbon length (TG: Fig 5A; PL + Cer: Fig 5C) and number of unsaturated bonds (TG: Fig 5B; PL + Cer: 5D).
Black bars represent percentage greater in COL-fed animals and white bars represent percentage lesser in COL-fed animals.
Fig 6.
Impact of adequate milk replacer (MR) intake (MR20) relative to zero hour (ZH) piglets on profile of circulating triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipid + ceramides (PL + Cer) total carbon length (TG: Fig 6A; PL + Cer: Fig 6C) and number of unsaturated bonds (TG: Fig 6B; PL + Cer: 6D).
Black bars represent percentage greater in MR-fed animals and white bars represent percentage lesser in MR-fed animals.
Fig 7.
Impact of colostrum (COL; COL20 + COL10) versus milk replacer (MR; MR20 + MR10) feeding on profile of circulating triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipid + ceramides (PL + Cer) total carbon length (TG: Fig 7A; PL + Cer: Fig 7C) and number of unsaturated bonds (TG: Fig 7B; PL + Cer: 7D).
Black bars represent percentage greater in COL-fed animals and white bars represent percentage lesser in COL-fed animals.
Fig 8.
Impact of higher dose of food (COL20 + MR20) versus lower dose of food (COL10 + MR10) on profile of circulating triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipid + ceramides (PL + Cer) total carbon length (TG: Fig 8A; PL + Cer: Fig 8C) and number of unsaturated bonds (TG: Fig 8B; PL + Cer: 8D).
Black bars represent percentage greater in higher dose of food (20%) and white bars represent percentage lesser in higher dose of food (20%).
Fig 9.
Impact of adequate colostrum (COL; COL20 + SOS; Fig 9A) or milk replacer (MR; MR20; Fig 9B) versus zero hour (ZH), COL (COL20 + COL10) versus MR feeding (MR20 + MR10; Fig 9C), and higher (COL20 + MR20) versus lower level (COL10 + MR10) of food (Fig 9D) on the distribution of fatty acyl group from triacylglycerols (TG) in circulation of neonatal piglets.
Black bars represent the percentage of fatty acids from TG greater in adequate COL vs ZH, adequate MR vs ZH, COL vs MR, or 20% vs 10%. White bars represent the percentage of fatty acids lesser in COL vs ZH, adequate MR vs ZH, COL vs MR, or 20% vs 10%.
Fig 10.
The top 25 metabolic pathways significantly enriched with 57 metabolites more abundant in milk replacer (MR) than colostrum (COL).
The enrichment ratio is determined by the size of the circle and the p-value is determined by the range of red (P < 0.0001) to orange/yellow (P = 0.006). Pathways with darker red and larger circles are more significantly enriched than pathways with smaller, orange/yellow circles.