Fig 1.
Analytical framework.
Table 1.
Summary of sampled neighborhoods and questionnaire distribution.
Table 2.
Principal component analysis results.
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of key variables.
Table 4.
Instrumental variable regression results.
Table 5.
Effects of self-governance willingness and participation efficacy on perceived neighborhood disparities.
Table 6.
Perceived neighborhood disparities mediating self-governance willingness, participation efficacy, and public services satisfaction.
Table 7.
Robustness tests results.
Table 8.
Heterogeneity analysis by household income.
Table 9.
Heterogeneity analysis by hukou status.
Table 10.
Heterogeneity analysis by housing area.
Table 11.
Heterogeneity analysis by housing ownership type.
Fig 2.
IV estimates (coefficients and 95% CIs) across heterogeneity subgroups (Top: self-governance willingness; Bottom: participation efficacy).
Fig 3.
Representative neighborhoods: before-and-after comparison (Left: pre-renewal; Right: post-renewal).
(a) Gongshu district — Genyuan neighborhood. (b) Xihu district — Lianhua Xincun neighborhood. (c) Linping district — Baixing Nong neighborhood. (d) Binjiang district — Yingchun neighborhood. (e) Yuhang district — Taoyuan neighborhood. (f) Jiande city — Xinlin neighborhood.