Fig 1.
Basic electrical wiring structure of unipolar earth return dc transmission system.
Fig 2.
Standard convolutional neural network structure diagram.
Fig 3.
One-dimensional convolutional operation process diagram.
Fig 4.
Sigmoid.
Fig 5.
Tanh.
Fig 6.
ReLU.
Fig 7.
Average pooling.
Fig 8.
Maximum pooling.
Fig 9.
Schematic structure of the residual module.
Fig 10.
Improved residuals module diagram.
Fig 11.
Diagram of the diagnostic process of residual neural network.
Fig 12.
System diagram of the simulation model of high-voltage direct current transmission system.
Table 1.
DC transmission line parameters.
Table 2.
HVDC system fault data description table.
Table 3.
Residual neural network model parameters.
Table 4.
Impact of different number of iterations on modeling.
Table 5.
Effect of different optimizers on model training.
Fig 13.
Comparison of accuracy curve.
Fig 14.
Comparison of loss ratio curves.
Fig 15.
Improved ResNet.
Fig 16.
Traditional CNN.
Fig 17.
LSTM.
Fig 18.
1D-ResNet.
Fig 19.
Bootstrap distribution of mean accuracy.
Table 6.
Computational performance benchmarking.
Fig 20.
Feature visualization of improved residual network.
Fig 21.
Feature visualization of traditional CNN.