Table 1.
Geographic details of retail chicken samples shown by sampling locations, number of chickens collected, identification number and coordinates.
Table 2.
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of selected isolates.
Fig 1.
Tolerance of selected LAB isolates to different concentrations of NaCl.
Growth of seven LAB isolates was assessed at 2%, 4%, and 6% NaCl by measuring optical density at 600 nm. The isolates exhibited strain-specific salt tolerance, with growth generally decreasing as NaCl concentration increased. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Table 3.
Survivability and acid tolerance of selected isolates in acidic conditions.
Fig 2.
Survival of lactic acid bacteria isolates in simulated gastric juice at pH 3.0.
Viable cell counts (log10 CFU/ml) of four selected LAB isolates (MCI7, MCI10, MCC6, and MCC12) were determined after 0 and 3 hours of incubation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments.
Fig 3.
Effect of bile salts on growth inhibition rates (suppression) of four selected isolates.
Table 4.
Antimicrobial activities against five pathogens.
Table 5.
Susceptibility of potential LAB probiotic strains against some antibiotics measured by agar disc diffusion.
Fig 4.
Adhesion of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates (MCI7, MCI10, MCC6, and MCC12) to poultry ileum epithelial cells, expressed as viable counts (log10 CFU/ml) at 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes of incubation.
Table 6.
Species-level identification of probiotic LAB isolates using 16s rRNA sequencing.
Fig 5.
Electrophoretic analysis of amplified 16S rRNA PCR products using agarose gel: lane M, 100 bp Marker (ADDBIO, SOUTH KOREA), Lanes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains MCI7, MCI10, MCC6 and MCC12 at 1500 bp.
Fig 6.
Phylogenetic tree showing the relative positions of four isolates from the chicken gut and their related species.
The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Isolates obtained in this study are highlighted in bold, and the scale bar (0.01) represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.