Table 1.
Anthropometric and demographic characteristics of the participants. Intensive care unit: ICU, Intensive treatment unit: ITU. BMI: body mass index. Means ± standard deviation.
Fig 1.
CONSORT Flow Diagram.
Fig 2.
Eccentric cycling and Standard rehabilitation interventions.
ECC (A), STD REHAB (B), average sessional oxygen saturation (SpO2; C), heart rate (D), systolic blood pressure (E), and diastolic blood pressure (F) of eccentric cycling (ECC) and standard rehabilitation (STD REHAB) interventions. Means ± standard deviation. *: p < 0.05.
Table 2.
Before (Pre-) and after (Post-) absolute values and Two-way ANOVA results with effect sizes (ESs) for the changes observed after ECC and STD REHAB. Mean ± standard deviation (X ± SD).
Fig 3.
Changes in functional performance and strength.
Delta of change from pre- of the sum of MRC (Medical Research Council) strength (A), handgrip strength (B), 6-min walking test (6MWT; C), 1-min sit to stand (D), and timed up and go (TUG; E) of eccentric cycling (ECC) and standard rehabilitation (STD REHAB) interventions. Means ± standard deviation. *: p < 0.05.
Fig 4.
Changes in quality of life and symptoms.
Delta of change from pre- of PCFS (Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale; A) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire; B) of eccentric cycling (ECC) and standard rehabilitation (STD REHAB) interventions. Means ± standard deviation. *: p < 0.05.
Fig 5.
Changes in cognitive function and independence.
Delta of change from pre- of MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; A) and Barthel Index (B) of eccentric cycling (ECC) and standard rehabilitation (STD REHAB) interventions. Means ± standard deviation. *: p < 0.05.