Table 1.
Participant characteristics (N = 846).
Table 2.
Means, standard deviations, and correlations of all variables in this study (N = 846).
Table 3.
Results of model fitting for latent profile analysis of mothers’ parenting stress.
Fig 1.
Profiles of mothers’ parenting stress.
Indicator means are shown as z-scores across three dimensions: parental distress, parent–child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child. Profiles: I = low-stress type; II = middle stress–low interaction disorder type; III = middle-stress type; IV = high-stress type.
Fig 2.
Differences in adolescent problem behavior across mothers’ parenting stress profiles.
Notes: Boxes indicate the interquartile range with the median; whiskers indicate the range excluding outliers. ***p < 0.001. Profiles: I = low-stress type; II = middle stress–low interaction disorder type; III = middle-stress type; IV = high-stress type.
Table 4.
Results of regression analysis of mothers’ parenting stress latent profiles and adolescent problem behavior scores.
Table 5.
Multiple mediator model test results for adolescent problem behavior.
Fig 3.
Mediated pathways linking mothers’ parenting stress profiles, work–family conflict, and adolescent problem behavior.
Notes: Solid lines indicate significant paths; dashed lines indicate nonsignificant paths. Values on paths are standardized regression coefficients (β). The low-stress type served as the reference group. Models were adjusted for adolescent gender, number of children in the family, maternal age, mothers’ educational level, and working hours. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.