Fig 1.
Diversity analysis of microbiota between Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) groups.
(A) Venn diagram of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) among the two groups. (B, C) Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) and weighted Unweighted UniFrac (UniFrac) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) conducted on the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of the microbiota from the CREC and CRAB groups. (D) Relative phylum abundance of ASVs among the CREC and CRAB groups. (E) Cluster analysis of the top 35 phylum abundances among the CREC and CRAB groups. (F) Cladogram generated from Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis showing the association between taxa (the levels represent, from inner to outer rings, phylum, class, order, family, and genus). The thresholds were set at a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) score >4 and P < 0.05, with a focus on family, genus, and species level biomarkers. n = 8 in the CRAB group, and n = 3 in the CREC group.
Table 1.
The top 20 differential metabolites.
Fig 2.
Differential metabolite analysis between Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) groups.
(A) 2D Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot illustrating overall differences in metabolite composition between CRAB (red) and CREC (green) samples. (B) Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot. (C) Volcano plot of differential metabolites, with the x-axis representing log2 fold change in metabolite expression and the y-axis representing statistical significance (-log10 (p)). (D) Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) score plot displaying metabolites with the highest VIP values in the OPLS-DA model based on screening criteria for differential metabolites identified in group comparisons. n = 8 in the CRAB group, and n = 3 in the CREC group.
Fig 3.
Differential metabolite enrichment analysis between Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) groups.
(A) Violin plot of the top 20 differential metabolites. (B) Enrichment analysis. (C) Differential metabolite classification. n = 8 in the CRAB group, and n = 3 in the CREC group.
Fig 4.
Differential metabolite Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis between Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) groups.
(A) KEGG enrichment analysis. (B) KEGG classification. n = 8 in the CRAB group, and n = 3 in the CREC group..
Table 2.
CREC_vs_CRAB. order. spearman correlation. Spearman correlation coefficient |r| ≥ 0.9 and P < 0.05.
Table 3.
CREC_vs_CRAB. genus. spearman correlation. Spearman correlation coefficient |r| ≥ 0.9 and P < 0.05.
Table 4.
CREC_vs_CRAB. species. spearman correlation. Spearman correlation coefficient |r| ≥ 0.9 and P < 0.05.
Fig 5.
Correlation heatmap of top 20 differential metabolites and differential microbiota.
(A) Correlation heatmap of top 20 differential metabolites and differential microbiota at the family level. (B) Correlation heatmap of top 20 differential metabolites and differential microbiota at the genus level. (C) Correlation heatmap of top 20 differential metabolites and differential microbiota at the species level. Rows represent microbiota, columns represent metabolites. Red ellipses indicate positive correlations; blue ellipses indicate negative correlations. The thinner the ellipse, the greater the absolute value of the correlation. Blank cells indicate P > 0.05.