Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
Fig 1.
CONSORT flow diagram.
Table 2.
Perioperative SF-MPQ score of patients receiving PCIA.
Fig 2.
Perioperative SF-MPQ score of patients receiving PCIA.
Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the results between two groups of patients at the same time points. Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction were used for within-group comparisons. *Group K versus Group S (P< 0.05). a The within-group difference between the pre-operation and POD 1 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. b The within-group difference between the pre-operation and POD 2 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. c The within-group difference between the POD 1and POD 2 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. Group K, esketamine group; Group S, sufentanil group. SF-MPQ, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; POD, postoperative day; VAS, visual analog scale; PPI, present pain intensity.
Table 3.
PCIA parameters and postoperative satisfaction.
Fig 3.
Perioperative PHQ-9 score and postoperative recovery quality of patients receiving PCIA.
Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the results between two groups of patients at the same time points. Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction were used for within-group comparisons. *Group K versus Group S (P< 0.05). a The within-group difference between the pre-operation and POD 1 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. b The within-group difference between the pre-operation and POD 2 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. c The within-group difference between the POD 1and POD 2 was significant, with P (Bonferroni correction) < 0.05/3 = 0.016. Group K, esketamine group; Group S, sufentanil group. PCIA, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia; POD, postoperative day.
Table 4.
Postoperative adverse events of patients receiving PCIA.
Fig 4.
Perioperative serum IL-6/TNF-α/BDNF levels of patients receiving PCIA.
Two-sample independent t-test was used to compare the results between two groups of patients at the same time points. Repeated measurement analysis of variance (Repeated measures ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction were used for within-group comparisons. *Group K versus Group S (P< 0.05). Group K, esketamine group; Group S, sufentanil group. POD, postoperative day; IL-6, Interleukin-6; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.