Fig 1.
A total of 505 encounters were identified using ICD-10 codes for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) among patients who had undergone upper endoscopy and had an available glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement within ±2 months of admission. Of these, 107 encounters were excluded because the emergency department (ED) presentation did not include hematemesis or melena. Among the remaining 398 patients presenting with hematemesis and/or melena, 53 were further excluded because no endoscopic evidence of UGIB was found. The final study cohort consisted of 345 patients with endoscopically confirmed UGIB and available HbA1c data.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Table 2.
Association between stress hyperglycemia ratio and adverse outcomes in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Table 3.
Clinical outcomes stratified by stress hyperglycemia ratio using a cutoff value of 1.9.
Fig 2.
Correlation of the stress hyperglycemia ratio with established risk scores.
Scatterplots demonstrate the relationship between the stress hyperglycemia ratio and two prognostic scores: (A) Glasgow-Blatchford score and (B) complete Rockall score. Each dot represents an individual patient, and the solid line indicates the fitted regression line.
Table 4.
Receiver operating characteristic analysis of stress hyperglycemia ratio combined with conventional risk scores for predicting major clinical outcomes.
Fig 3.
Receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting clinical outcomes.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), the Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), and the complete Rockall score (CRS). (A) ROC curve for predicting blood transfusion. (B) ROC curve for predicting intensive care unit admission. (C) ROC curve for predicting rebleeding. The diagonal line represents the reference line of no discrimination.