Fig 1.
Preoperative and postoperative thyroid visual field exposure and ultrasound exploration.
(A) Intraoperative exposure of thyroid tissue. (B) Visual field performance after total thyroidectomy. (C) Preoperative thyroid ultrasound imaging. (D) Ultrasound imaging after total thyroidectomy.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of blood sample collection, serum isolation and testing.
(A) Tail vein blood collection. (B, C) Blood was centrifuged to obtain the serum. (D, E) The optical density (OD) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was measured using a microplate reader.
Fig 3.
Line graph of body weight changes in the rats.
Day 1 represents the preoperative baseline weight. Postoperative time points are indicated at days 15 (14 days post-op), 29, 43, 57, 71, and 85.
Table 1.
Serum TSH, FT4 and FT3 concentrations.
Fig 4.
Serum thyroid hormone levels at postoperative time points.
(A, B, C) Preoperative levels of TSH, FT4, and FT3. (D, E, F) Levels at 14 days post-surgery. (G, H, I) Levels at 28 days post-surgery. (J, K, L) Levels at 90 days post-op. Data are presented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA (panels A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J) or non-parametric test with Bonferroni correction (panels B, K, L). By “ns” represents p-value greater than 0.05;**p-value between 0.001 and 0.01; ****p-value < 0.0001.
Fig 5.
Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations at 60 days post-surgery.
The sham operation group (W-Sham group) (n = 8), the total thyroidectomy group (W-SⅠ group) (n = 10), and the subtotal thyroidectomy group (W-SⅡ group) (n = 10) were used. Each bar represents the mean±SD of each group (one-way ANOVA, ****p-value < 0.0001).
Table 2.
Serum Ca, P and PTH 10 days after surgery.
Fig 6.
Serum level of Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
The sham operation group (W-Sham group) (n = 8), the total thyroidectomy group (W-SⅠ group) (n = 10), and the subtotal thyroidectomy group (W-SⅡ group) (n = 10). Each bar represents the mean±SD of each group (Ca, P by one-way ANOVA; PTH by non-parametric test. By “ns” represents p > 0.05).
Fig 7.
Linear correlation between weight of thyroidectomy and thyroid function.
Linear relationship between weight of thyroidectomy and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3).
Table 3.
Key behavioral parameters assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT) , Elevated Plus Maze Test (EPMT) and Forced Swimming Test (FST).
Fig 8.
Roadmap of some of the rats’ Open Field Test (OFT) and Elevated Plus Maze Test (EPMT) trajectories.
(A, D) The sham operation group (W-Sham group). (B, E) the total thyroidectomy group (W-SⅠ group). (C, F) the subtotal thyroidectomy group (W-SⅡ group).
Fig 9.
The sham operation group (W-Sham group) (n = 12), the total thyroidectomy group (W-SⅠ group) (n = 18), the subtotal thyroidectomy group (W-SⅡ group) (n = 16). Open Field Test (OFT) and Elevated Plus Maze Test (EPMT) data were presented as box plots depicting the median (central line) and interquartile range (IQR; bounds of the box) (by non-parametric test and were corrected by Bonferroni). Forced Swimming Test (FST) data were presented as mean±SD (by one-way ANOVA). By “ns” represents p-value greater than 0.05; *p-value between 0.01 and 0.05; **p-value between 0.001 and 0.01; ***p-value between 0.0001 and 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001).
Fig 10.
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining picture.
All images were captured at 20 × magnification. (A) Normal morphology of thyroid follicular epithelial cells. (B, C) Clear visualization of the thyroid capsule. (D) The thyroid isthmus is presented. (E, F) Altered thyroid tissue morphology following cauterization. Scale bar = 100 um. Samples A, B, and C were derived from the W-SI group, while samples D, E, and F were derived from the W-SII group.
Table 4.
Advantages and disadvantages of different modeling methods and literature review.