Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
Table 2.
MERSQI scores of included studies.
Table 3.
Type of analysis and LLM evaluated for each outcome.
Fig 2.
(a) Forest plot of network meta-analysis for question relevancy. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for question relevancy.
Fig 3.
(a) Forest plot of network meta-analysis for question clarity. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for question clarity.
Fig 4.
(a) Forest plot of network meta-analysis for distractor quality. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for distractor quality.
Fig 5.
(a) Forest plot of pairwise analysis for question accuracy. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for question accuracy.
Fig 6.
(a) Forest plot of pairwise analysis for question difficulty index. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for question difficulty index.
Fig 7.
(a) Forest plot of pairwise analysis for item discrimination index. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for item discrimination index.
Fig 8.
(a) Forest plot of pairwise analysis for point biserial correlation. (b) Forest plot of single-arm analysis for point biserial correlation.