Fig 1.
EV drive system under consideration.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the drive cycles.
Fig 2.
ECE-15 drive cycle [31].
Fig 3.
IM240 drive cycle [42].
Fig 4.
Forces affecting the total force of an electric vehicle.
Fig 5.
The proposed adaptive PI-ANN controller.
Fig 6.
Flowchart Proposed Adaptive PI Control Algorithm.
Fig 7.
Flowchart of the TSO algorithm.
Table 2.
Electric vehicle parameters.
Table 3.
5-Table 4Table 5ph IPMSM parameters.
Table 4.
Speed response comparison between the PI-offline tuning using TSO and PI-online tuning using MLP-ANN when the ECE-15 drive cycle is used.
Table 5.
Speed response comparison between the PI-offline tuning using TSO and PI-online tuning using MLP-ANN when the custom IM240 drive cycle is used.
Fig 8.
The reference and actual motor speeds for the ECE-15 drive cycle when offline and online PI tuning are used.
Fig 9.
The reference and actual motor speeds for the custom IM240 drive cycle when offline and online PI tuning are used.
Fig 10.
The reference and actual motor torque for the ECE-15 drive cycle when the offline and online PI tuning methods are used.
Fig 11.
The reference and actual motor torque for the custom IM240 drive cycle when the offline and online PI tuning methods are used.
Fig 12.
The motor currents for the ECE-15 drive cycles when (a) offline and (b) online PI tuning are used.
Fig 13.
The motor currents for the custom IM240 drive cycle when (a) offline and (b) online PI tuning are used.
Fig 14.
The motor currents THDs for the ECE-15 drive cycles when (a) offline and (b) online PI tuning are used.
Fig 15.
The motor currents THDs for the custom IM240 drive cycles when (a) offline and (b) online PI tuning are used.
Table 6.
Energy saving comparison between the offline and ANN online tuning for the two drive cycles.
Fig 16.
The required and actual EV energy consumed for the ECE-15 drive cycles when offline and online PI tuning are used.
Fig 17.
The required and actual EV energy consumed for the custom IM240 drive cycles when offline and online PI tuning are used.
Fig 18.
The PI-online tuning gains using MLP-ANN for the ECE-15 drive cycles.
Fig 19.
The PI-online tuning gains using MLP-ANN for the custom IM240 drive cycle.