Table 1.
Statistics of the initial accident media type.
Table 2.
Statistics of the accident consequences extended form.
Table 3.
Basis data of storage tanks with different volumes.
Table 4.
Data of each layer of atmospheric storage tanks.
Table 5.
Thermal physical properties of gasoline.
Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of water spray system protection.
Fig 2.
Pyrosim models of atmospheric storage tanks with different volumes.
Fig 3.
Atmospheric storage tank model in Pyrosim.
Table 6.
Summary of simulation model parameters and operating conditions.
Fig 4.
Flame model of a 5000m³ storage tank under different wind speeds.
(a) Wind speed of 2m/s, (b) Wind speed of 4m/s, (c) Wind speed of 6m/s, (d) Wind speed of 8m/s.
Fig 5.
Temperature field distribution of 5000m³ tanks under different wind speeds.
Fig 6.
Temporal evolution of the maximum wall temperature in 5000 m³ tanks.
(a) Variation of maximum temperature under windless conditions, (b) Variation of maximum temperature under different wind speed conditions.
Fig 7.
Stress field distribution of 5000m³ tanks under different wind speeds.
Fig 8.
Variation of thermal strain in 5000 m³ tanks under varying wind speeds.
Fig 9.
Temperature, yield strength, and stress variation curves for the failure section of 5000m³ tanks under different wind speed conditions.
(a) Variation curve at 0m/s, (b) Variation curve at 2m/s, (c) Variation curve at 4 m/s, (d) Variation curve at 6 m/s, (e) Variation curve at 0 m/s.
Fig 10.
The time to failure of target tank under various wind speeds and separations.
(a) Failure time curve of 1000m³ tanks, (b) Failure time curve of 2000m³ tanks, (c) Failure time curve of 3000m³ tanks, (d) Failure time curve of 5000m³ tanks.
Table 7.
Water spray system parameters for a 5000m³ atmospheric tank.
Fig 11.
The 5000m³ atmospheric tank model under the effect of water spray system.
(a) The simulation model diagram of a 5000m³ tank, (b) Water spray model.
Fig 12.
Thermal radiation for 5000m³ tanks under different water spray intensities.
(a) Thermal radiation under 0.4D separation, (b) Thermal radiation under 0.6D separation.
Fig 13.
Thermal radiation flux on the wall of 3000 m³ tanks under different separation and protection conditions.
(a) Thermal radiation at 0.6D separation without water spray, (b) Thermal radiation at 0.6D separation under water spray, (c) Thermal radiation at 0.8D separation without water spray, (d) Thermal radiation at 0.8D separation under water spray.
Fig 14.
Thermal radiation of tanks with and without water spray under different separations.
Fig 15.
Thermal radiation attenuation coefficient of water spray under different separations.
Fig 16.
Thermal radiation flux on the wall of 5000 m³ tanks under different wind speeds and protection conditions.
(a) Thermal radiation under different wind speeds without water spray, (b) Thermal radiation under different wind speeds with water spray.
Fig 17.
Thermal radiation for tanks under different wind speeds.
Fig 18.
Thermal radiation attenuation by water spray under different wind speeds.
Table 8.
Thermal radiation received by the target tanks from the accident tank.
Fig 19.
Accident propagation path (no water spray system).
Fig 20.
Accident propagation path (with water spray system).
Table 9.
Failure probability of storage tanks in the tank area.
Fig 21.
Bayesian network models for the tank area.
(a) No water spray system, (b) With water spray system.
Table 10.
Probability of occurrence of root node events.
Fig 22.
Conditional probability table for the “Power Supply Failure” node.
Fig 23.
Failure probability of the water spray system.