Fig 1.
Bolted joint load model.
Fig 2.
Force and stress distributions in a bolted joint.
(a) Free-body diagram showing external load FH, moment M and bolt forces; (b–e) distributions of normal stress components σV, σF, σM, and resultant stresses σmax, σmin.
Fig 3.
Schematic diagram of the system.
Fig 4.
Experimental Setup.
Fig 5.
Installation of donut loadcell for bolt preload measurement.
Table 1.
Design schema of input factors and their levels.
Table 2.
Experimental results for initial preload V0 with two M16 Bolts.
Table 3.
The results the Average external load factor.
Table 4.
Significance test of regression equation coefficients.
Table 5.
Analysis of variance for significance of regression.
Fig 6.
Diagnostic plots for evaluating the residual behavior of the regression model.
Fig 7.
(a) Combined friction coefficient; (b) Surface roughness; (c) Material hardness.
Fig 8.
The effects of input factors on the external load factor.
(a) Effect of μ and Ra on the χ; (b) Effect of HB and Ra on the χ; (c) Effect of HB and μ on the χ.
Fig 9.
The operating region of the input factors.
(a) The operating region of μ and Ra; (b) The operating region of μ and HB; (c) The operating region of Ra and HB.
Fig 10.
Convergence behavior of the response surface optimization process.