Fig 1.
Selected German Cities – the 15 largest cities of Germany as well as all urban districts of Bavaria.
Citation: Map data is available at USGS National Map Viewer (public domain): http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/.
Table 1.
City population groupings.
Table 2.
Land cover classes.
Fig 2.
Examples of data used in the research (Munich).
Citation: LST data is available at Landsat: http://landsat.visibleearth.nasa.gov/. All data was prepared by DLR.
Table 3.
Urban form indicators, measures and definitions.
Fig 3.
Average maximum LST of five urbanization levels compared with their average mean LST for all 38 cities.
Bars denote standard deviation (SD).
Fig 4.
SUHII (i.e., difference between High Density (HD) and Low Density (LD) urbanization levels) of mean and maximum LST for 38 cities in Germany.
Table 4.
Averages of absolute LST by population groupings for mean (a) and maximum (b) LST.
Table 5.
Population groupings and proportionate % cover by urbanization level.
Fig 5.
Average differences (median upper and lower quartile) in LST () between High Density (HD) and other urbanization levels (LD, MLD, MD, MHD) respectively.
(a) GS 1 mean LST; (b) GS 1 max LST; (c) GS 2 mean LST; (d) GS 2 max LST; (e) MS 1 mean LST; (f) MS 1 max LST; (g) MS 2 mean LST; (h) MS 2 max LST.
Table 6.
Correlation values of urban form indicators.
Table 7.
Variance of urban form indicators by cluster.
Fig 6.
Final output of five calculated clusters along the first two principal components.
The table on the bottom right shows the contributing weigths of landscape metrics.
Fig 7.
Examples of cluster types 1–5, visualized using land cover data.
Citation: All data was prepared by DLR.
Table 8.
Comparison of clusters to average mean and maximum LST.