Fig 1.
Large diversity observed in root and shoot size traits among 46 hemp genotypes.
(A) Boxplots for the following extracted root traits. Root dry biomass, convex hull area, and total root length. (B) Boxplots for the following extracted shoot traits. Shoot dry weight, convex hull area, and height. (C, D) Representative greyscale root and shoot images for a small and large genotype, genotype 2729 and genotype 1583, respectively. Scale bar = 20 cm. Data from S3 Table.
Fig 2.
Phenotype correlations among 46 hemp genotypes.
(A) Correlation matrix with positive correlations between traits depicted in red color, negative correlations in blue color, and X symbol marks all bivariate correlations that were not significant with a P value set at 0.05. (B) Linear regression between shoot dry biomass and root dry biomass. (C) Regression between shoot dry biomass and root system maximum depth. Data from S5 Table.
Fig 3.
Hemp genotype quadrant grouping by root and shoot size traits.
(A) Quadrant designations assigned based on 50th percentiles for multiple root and shoot size traits (Root biomass, total root length, root convex hull area, shoot biomass, shoot convex hull area, shoot height). (B) Normalized root and shoot convex hull data with the multiple trait quadrant color assignment. If a genotype did not fulfill the requirements of 50th percentiles for each trait then they were grouped as NA.
Fig 4.
Dissection of priority root candidate genes for hemp.
(A) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of 301 Cannabis sativa genes identified as orthologs of known RSA regulators from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa (rice), and Zea mays (maize). Protein sequences were aligned using MUSCLE, the tree was constructed in MEGA11 with 1,000 bootstrap replicates, visualized in FigTree. Gene clusters were grouped based on ≥95% sequence similarity and are color-coded into nine distinct functional clusters. (B) Key root architecture genes identified through phylogenetic analysis, along with their known functions and representative homologs from model species. (For additional genes, refer to S7 Table).