Fig 1.
Venn diagram of OTU counts derived from 16S sequencing of honey bee guts from different groups.
A: Shared and unique bacterial OTU counts; B: Shared and unique archaeal OTU counts. The values in the figure represent the number of shared and unique OTUs between groups (sample group: Am = A. mellifera, wAc = wild A. cerana, mAc = managed A. cerana). Each group is represented by a single pooled sample (n = 1); consequently, these results are descriptive and do not permit statistical inference of within-group variation.
Fig 2.
Composition of the honey bee gut microbiome (relative abundance, %) from different groups.
A: Bacterial phylum composition (stacked bar chart showing major phyla and “Other”); B: Bacterial genus composition (showing the most abundant genera, with the rest grouped as “Other”); C: Archaea composition; D: Archaea composition. The legend indicates the phylum/genus name corresponding to each color, and the labels indicate relative abundance percentages. Relative abundance (%) based on total effective sequence readings. Each group is represented by a single pooled sample (n = 1); consequently, these results are descriptive and do not permit statistical inference of within-group variation.
Table 1.
Analysis of α diversity of intestinal microbiota in different groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequences*.
Fig 3.
KEGG functional annotation of the honey bee gut microbiome from different groups (Level 2, based on 16S marker gene prediction).
A: Bacterial functional annotation (showing the relative abundance of the top 20 L2 pathways); B: Archaeal functional annotation (showing significantly enriched or biologically relevant L2 categories). Each group is represented by a single pooled sample (n = 1); consequently, these results are descriptive and do not permit statistical inference of within-group variation.
Fig 4.
COG functional annotation of the gut microbiome of different honey bee groups.
A: Bacterial COG category distribution (showing the main COG classes and their relative abundance); B: Archaeal COG category distribution (highlighting energy metabolism, cofactor-related, and unannotated functions). Each group is represented by a single pooled sample (n = 1); consequently, these results are descriptive and do not permit statistical inference of within-group variation.