Fig 1.
Mechanism analysis framework.
Table 1.
Evaluation indicator system.
Table 2.
Vulnerability classification.
Table 3.
Classification of the relationship between the two factors.
Table 4.
Data sources.
Table 5.
Principal Component Analysis Results.
Fig 2.
Temporal evolution analysis of agricultural ecosystem vulnerability in Northeast China.
Fig 3.
Spatial evolution analysis of agricultural ecosystem vulnerability in Northeast China.
Table 6.
Parameter combinations with the largest values of the driving factor q.
Table 7.
Drivers 2004, 2013, 2022 q-values.
Fig 4.
Plot of percentage explanatory power of driving factors over time.
Fig 5.
Heat map of factor interaction detection results (from left to right, 2004, 2013, 2022).