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Fig 1.

Conceptual Framework.

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Table 1.

Details of number of items and measurement scale under all constructs.

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Table 2.

Reliability and validity of the instrument.

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Fig 2.

Distribution of mean score.

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Fig 3.

Distribution of standard deviation.

LMIC-Lower middle-income countries; UMIC-Upper middle-income countries; HIC-High-income countries; BCP-Before COVID pandemic (2018); ACP-After COVID pandemic (2022); TE-Teacher efficacy; JS-Job satisfaction; AP-Assessment practices; UIT- Use of instructional technology (IT) tools; UDT- Use of digital learning & communication (DLC) tools.

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Table 3.

Model Performance Metrics based on item wise effect in hypothesized model.

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Fig 4.

a. Distribution of the effect of job satisfaction and teacher efficacy on assessment practices among different categories of country economy and BAP.

b. Distribution of the effect of UDT and UIT on assessment practices among different categories of country economy and BAP. c. Distribution of the effect of TE and JS on UDT among different categories of country economy and BAP. d. Distribution of the effect of TE and JS on UIT among different categories of country economy and BAP. e. Distribution of the effect of JS on TE among different categories of country economy and BAP. f. Distribution of JS among different categories of country economy and BAP.

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Fig 5.

Details of factor loadings.

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Fig 6.

Results of hypothesis of hypothesized model.

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Fig 7.

a. Validation Trace Plot of assessment practice. AP = 2.799 + 0.031 x TE01 + 0.033 x TE02 + 0.063 x TE03 + 0.059 x TE04 + 0.042 x TE05 + 0.011 x JS01 + 0.019 x JS02 + 0.001 x JS03 - 0.006 x JS04 + 0 x JS05 - 0.006 x JS06 + 0.03 x JS07 + 0.022 x JS08 + 0.035 x UIT1 - 0.001 x UIT2 + 0.028 x UIT3 - 0.014 x UIT4 + 0.011 x UIT5 + 0.015 x UIT6 + 0.012 x UDT1 + 0.027 x UDT2 + 0.013 x UDT3 + 0.049 x UDT4 + 0.054 x UDT5 + 0.04 x UDT6 - 0.001 x UDT7. b. Validation Trace Plot of UDT. UDT = 2.064 + 0.017 x TE01 - 0.003 x TE02 + 0.007 x TE03 - 0.003 x TE04 + 0.015 x TE05 + 0.021 x JS01 + 0.007 x JS02 + 0 x JS03 + 0.004 x JS04 - 0.015 x JS05 + 0.002 x JS06 + 0.012 x JS07 - 0.01 x JS08 + 0.091 x UIT1 + 0.075 x UIT2 + 0.104 x UIT3 + 0.18 x UIT4 + 0.045 x UIT5 + 0.072 x UIT6. c. Validation Trace Plot of UIT. UIT = 1.627 + 0.016 x TE01 + 0.028 x TE02 + 0.03 x TE03 + 0.084 x TE04 + 0.051 x TE05 + 0.023 x JS01 + 0.02 x JS02 - 0.062 x JS03 - 0.004 x JS04 - 0.018 x JS05 + 0.016 x JS06 + 0.009 x JS07 + 0.028 x JS08. d. Validation Trace Plot of teacher efficacy. TE = 3.292 + 0.023 x JS01 + 0.013 x JS02 - 0.013 x JS03 + 0.019 x JS04 + 0.03 x JS05 + 0.034 x JS06 + 0.124 x JS07 + 0.065 x JS08. e. Lambda Evaluation Plot of assessment practice. f. Lambda Evaluation Plot of DUT. g. Lambda Evaluation Plot of UIT. h. Lambda Evaluation Plot of teacher efficacy‌.

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