Fig 1.
The flowchart for mung bean seed classification based on multimodal features and Kepler-optimized stacking ensemble learning model.
Fig 2.
Selected seven varieties of mung bean seeds.
Fig 3.
Principles of CARS feature extraction.
Fig 4.
Principles of stacking ensemble learning model.
Fig 5.
Principles of Kepler optimization algorithm.
Fig 6.
CARS feature extraction iterative process.
Fig 7.
Key features obtained during the CARS extraction process.
Fig 8.
Comparison of classification performance across various datasets.
Table 1.
KOA optimize base learner parameters.
Fig 9.
The process of KOA optimizing base learning models.
Table 2.
Performance of models following KOA optimization.
Table 3.
Performance of six stacking ensemble learning models.
Fig 10.
Confusion matrix for six stacking ensemble learning models.
Fig 11.
ROC curves for six stacking ensemble learning models.
Fig 12.
Comparison of classification performance of different ensemble learning models.