Table 1.
List of the ten most common MST groups with clonal isolates collected across different regions, sample types, and months.
Fig 1.
Comparison of prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli across WWTP, water, and sediment samples.
(A) Relative abundance of the most common STs detected in WWTP, water, and sediment for all regions combined and for each region separately. STs occurring fewer than four times are grouped under “Other.” Each ST is labeled and color-coded according to its identity. (B) Venn diagrams illustrating the distribution of STs in all regions combined and for each region separately. Each circle is colored according to the legend below.
Fig 2.
ST prevalence and clonal spread across aquatic environments and WWTP influents.
The figure illustrates the distribution of STs and most prevalent clonal groups (MST) in sediment and water samples of different aquatic environments, and WWTP influents. Each ST is labeled and color-coded according to its identity. Lines are color-coded according to ST and connect clonal isolates. Only the nine most prevalent clonal clusters are shown. Labels above the charts (A, B, and C) indicate the regions where each aquatic environment was sampled.
Fig 3.
Phylogroups and ten most prevalent MST clonal groups.
The figure shows a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree with identified phylogroups, annotated by sample type: sediment (orange), water (blue) and WWTP (grey). Ten largest MST clonal groups are labeled. Additionally, heatmaps for each clonal group illustrate variation in source types, regions, sampling sites, and sampling time.
Table 2.
Matrix of MST groups indicating the number of MST groups with isolates from each pair of sample types.
Fig 4.
ST diversity and distribution in river sites upstream and downstream of WWTP effluent, and in WWTP influents.
The figure illustrates the distribution of STs in river sites upstream and downstream of WWTP effluents, as well as in WWTP influent samples, across three different regions. Shared STs between upstream and downstream sites and between downstream site and WWTP influent, are connected by lines, indicating the potential contribution of STs from upstream site or WWTP to downstream site. Each line color represents a distinct ST. Numbers below the bars indicate the number of distinct STs identified at each sampling site. Sampling locations are indicated below each sampling site.
Fig 5.
Comparison of ESBL genes prevalence in WWTP, water, and sediment.
Relative abundance of ESBL genes detected in WWTP, water, and sediment samples for all regions combined and for each region separately. Each ESBL gene is labeled and color-coded according to its identity.
Fig 6.
Distribution of ESBL genes in E. coli across different MOBSuite’s plasmid primary clusters in sediment, water and WWTP samples.
The Y-axis presents each of the ESBL genes, and the X-axis presents the number of ESBL-encoding plasmids. Each plasmid cluster is represented by a distinct color as indicated in the legend. Plasmid clusters occurring fewer than three times are grouped under “Other.”.
Table 3.
Proportion of isolates from different sample types used to assess the overall ST, ESBL, and plasmid diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli in the environment.