Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Palliative Care Patients Stratified by 30-Day Mortality Status.
Table 2.
Cardiometabolic Indices in Survivors versus Non-Survivors.
Table 3.
Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis for Clinical Outcomes.
Fig 1.
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves for Twelve Cardiometabolic Indices Predicting Clinical Outcomes.
ROC curves comparing the discriminative ability of twelve cardiometabolic indices for predicting (A) sepsis development, (B) mechanical ventilation requirement, and (C) 30-day mortality in 318 palliative care patients. TyG-BMI (red) demonstrated significantly superior discrimination compared to all comparator indices across all three outcomes (all p < 0.001 by DeLong test). AUC values with 95% confidence intervals are shown in the legend. The diagonal dashed line represents random classification (AUC = 0.50). Abbreviations: TyG-BMI, triglyceride-glucose body mass index; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma; TG/HDL, triglyceride-to-HDL ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; MHR, monocyte-to-HDL ratio; CRI-I/II, Castelli risk index I/II; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CAR, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; AUC, area under the curve.
Fig 2.
TyG-BMI Performance Enhancement in Diabetic Patients.
(A) ROC curves comparing TyG-BMI performance for 30-day mortality prediction in diabetic (n = 121, red) versus non-diabetic (n = 197, blue) patients. TyG-BMI achieved significantly higher AUC in diabetic patients (0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.97) compared to non-diabetic patients (0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.88; interaction p < 0.001). The shaded area highlights the performance difference (ΔAUC = 0.10). (B) Bar chart comparing AUC values for 30-day mortality prediction across cardiometabolic indices stratified by diabetes status. TyG-BMI uniquely demonstrates enhanced performance in diabetic patients (+0.10 ΔAUC), while all other indices show minimal or slightly decreased performance in this subgroup. This diabetes-specific enhancement was statistically significant only for TyG-BMI (interaction p < 0.001). Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.
Fig 3.
Forest Plot of Adjusted Odds Ratios for 30-Day Mortality by Diabetes Status.
Forest plot displaying adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals per standard deviation increase in each cardiometabolic index for 30-day mortality, stratified by diabetes mellitus status. Red squares indicate diabetic patients (n = 121); blue circles indicate non-diabetic patients (n = 197). TyG-BMI (highlighted) demonstrated significantly higher OR in diabetic patients (2.65, 95% CI 1.88-3.74) compared to non-diabetic patients (1.95, 95% CI 1.44-2.64; interaction p = 0.006), representing 36% greater prognostic strength. All other indices showed similar effect sizes between subgroups with non-significant interactions (all p > 0.05). The vertical line represents OR = 1.0 (no effect). Models were adjusted for age, sex, primary diagnosis category, and comorbidities (hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease). Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; TyG-BMI, triglyceride-glucose body mass index; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma; TG/HDL, triglyceride-to-HDL ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; MHR, monocyte-to-HDL ratio; CRI-I/II, Castelli risk index I/II; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; CAR, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index.