Fig 1.
Flow variation of a multi-pipe heating system before and after contingencies.
Fig 2.
Schematic diagram of the multi-pipe co-simulation approach for quasi-steady state simulation of district heating systems.
Fig 3.
Dynamic behaviors of PIES heat supply after faults.
Fig 4.
Flowchart of PIES reliability evaluation.
Fig 5.
Schematic diagram of the studied PIES.
Fig 6.
Building parameters extracted from field data.
Fig 7.
Impact of transport delay on the heat supply of PIES.
Table 1.
Reliability indices.
Fig 8.
Reliability indicators of power system load nodes under different cases.
Fig 9.
Reliability indicators of gas system load nodes under different cases.
Fig 10.
Reliability indicators of heat system load nodes under different cases.