Fig 1.
Pile group effect of pile group foundation.
Fig 2.
Non-rectangular arrangement of pile foundations.
Fig 3.
3 × 3 pile group foundation.
Fig 4.
Schematic diagram of multi-layer soil.
Fig 5.
Multiple pile foundations passing through a cave.
Table 1.
Mechanical parameters of rock and soil.
Fig 6.
Plan layout of pile group foundation.
Fig 7.
Geological profile.
Fig 8.
Steel casing application.
Fig 9.
Microscopic structure of limestone away from the karst cave.
Fig 10.
Microscopic structure of limestone near the karst cave.
Fig 11.
Microscopic structure of silty clay away from the karst cave.
Fig 12.
Microscopic structure of silty clay near the karst cave.
Fig 13.
Schematic diagram of settlement on-site monitoring.
Table 2.
Monitoring results of AZK06 pile group foundation (mm).
Table 3.
Monitoring results of AZK09 pile group foundation (mm).
Table 4.
Monitoring results of AZK12 pile group foundation (mm).
Table 5.
Monitoring results of AZK13 pile group foundation (mm).
Table 6.
Monitoring results of AZK16 pile group foundation (mm).
Fig 14.
Finite element numerical model and specific dimensions.
Fig 15.
Case I.
Fig 16.
Case II.
Fig 17.
Model cross-section diagram.
Table 7.
Mechanical parameters of piles and surrounding rock and soil.
Table 8.
AZK06 Comparison of pile foundation settlement data (mm).
Table 9.
AZK12 Comparison of pile foundation settlement data (mm).
Fig 18.
Stress cloud diagram of case I.
Fig 19.
Stress cloud diagram of case II.
Fig 20.
Load-settlement curve of pile top.
Fig 21.
Side friction of each pile foundation of case I.
Fig 22.
Side friction of each pile foundation of case Ⅱ.
Fig 23.
Side friction resistance of piles passing through karst caves of case Ⅰ.
Fig 24.
Side friction resistance of piles passing through karst caves of case Ⅱ.
Fig 25.
Axial force of each pile foundation of case Ⅰ.
Fig 26.
Axial force of each pile foundation of case Ⅱ.
Fig 27.
Axial force of pile foundation through karst cave of case Ⅰ.
Fig 28.
Axial force of pile foundation through karst cave of case Ⅱ.
Fig 29.
Comparison of pile foundation bearing characteristic curves.
Fig 30.
Cross-sectional diagram of cave location.
Fig 31.
Case Ⅲ.
Fig 32.
Case Ⅳ.
Fig 33.
Case Ⅴ.
Fig 34.
Load-settlement curves of corner, side and middle piles passing through caves.
Fig 35.
Pile length model of 121 m.
Fig 36.
Pile length model of 151 m.
Fig 37.
Load-settlement curves of models with different pile lengths.
Fig 38.
4D pile spacing model.
Fig 39.
6D pile spacing model.
Fig 40.
Load-settlement curves of models with different pile spacing.
Fig 41.
4 × 4pile group foundation model.
Fig 42.
6 × 6 pile group foundation model.
Fig 43.
Load-settlement curves of models with different numbers of piles.
Table 10.
Calculation method for pile group settlement.