Table 1.
Predicted ADME properties of the A. australe compounds.
Fig 1.
Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of the identified targets of the three (A-C) prominent clusters.
Fig 2.
Bubble plot of the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of clusters 1 (A), 2 (B), and 3 (C).
Fig 3.
BPI chromatogram of the MeOH extract from Acanthospermum australe in negative ion mode.
Fig 4.
Effects of A. australe on cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells.
A) Effect of A. australe extract on cell viability. The cells were treated with different concentrations of the extract for 20 h. B-E) Effect of A. australe on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 mRNA levels. ANOVA (n = 4), ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, #### P < 0.0001 vs. untreated cells. *P < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. LPS-treated cells.
Fig 5.
Effect of A. australe on T cell proliferation.
A) Effect of A. australe extract on cell viability. The cells were treated with different concentrations of the extract. (B) The effect of A. australe on ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation. ANOVA (n = 3), #### P < 0.0001 vs. untreated cells. ***P < 0.001 vs. LPS-treated cells.